If grace is a multifaceted concept, capable of perfection in a variety of ways, the question is not whether Paul and his fellow Jews “believed in” grace, but rather what they took it to mean. And when we start to see the diversity of views within Second Temple Judaism, Paul emerges as not just the same as all his fellow Jews on this matter, nor as standing alone in contrast to them all: he agreed with some on the incongruity of divine grace and disagreed with others.9 In other words, Paul stands